Effects of Migration

Definitions :- 
→ A person, whose last usual place of residence was different from the present place of enumeration on the date of enquiry has been considered as migrant.

→ Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate are called migrants or more specifically, emigrants, immigrants, or settlers, depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective.

→ Humans sometimes migrate on a daily basis, in which case it is commuting and the humans are called commuters.

   → There are also tourists who temporarily travel to go on vacation.

→ pilgrims who do so for religious reasons. The rest of this article will cover migration in the sense of a "change of residence", rather than the temporary migrations of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute.

Causes migration:

There is PUSH-PULL method is working in youth migration, push factors that drive people to leave home, from pull factors that attract migrants to a new location. Push factors occur within sending states, that is, those that send migrants abroad, while pull factors occur within receiving states, that is, states that receive immigrants from sending states abroad. Push factors are negative aspects of the sending country, while pull factors are positive aspects of the receiving country.

In fact, these differentiating factors are really two sides of the same coin.

Push factors:

1 
→ Lack of Jobs/Poverty: Economics provides the main reason behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, about half of the total population of current migrants, 100 million women and men migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families

2  → Civil Strife/War/Political and Religious Persecution: Some migrants are impelled to cross national borders by war or persecution at home. Some of these migrants end up in receiving countries as refugees or asylum seekers.

( An example of this factor at work is the conflict in Tibet. During the first half of the 20^th century, Tibet was ruled politically and religiously by the Dalai Lama, the head of the Tibetan Buddhist religion, but lived in the shadow of neighboring China. In 1950, Chinese troops took over the region, disassembling the existing political structure and persecuting religious figures, and in 1959 a Tibetan rebellion was brutally suppressed. Tibetan refugees assert that a million of their countrymen have died in the last halfcentury as a result of Chinese rule. To escape this fate, many Tibetans have fled over

treacherous mountain terrain to India and Nepal).

 → Environmental Problems: Environmental problems and natural disasters often cause the loss of money, homes, and jobs

(for example, Ireland experienced a famine never before seen in its history.By late fall 1845, the main staple of the Irish diet, the potato, was practically wiped out. With the government not clear on how to respond, people started dying of starvation. The famine killed hundreds of thousands and forced millions of Irish to flee.)

Other push factors include “primitive” conditions, natural disasters, poor medical care, as well as slavery and political fear,

The 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees defined the qualifications for such migrants and bound signatory countries not to return these newcomers to places where they could be persecuted.

In 2009, the total number of refugees reached 15.2 million, of which two-thirds were under the responsibility of the United Nations Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). The rest were under the responsibility of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA).

PULL factors:

1
→ Higher standards of living/Higher wages: Economics provide the both biggest push and pull factor for potential migrants. People moving to more developed countries will often find that the same work they were doing at home is rewarded abroad with higher wages. They will also find a greater safety net of welfare benefits should they be unable to work. Aware of this situation, migrants are drawn to those countries where they can maximize benefits.

(For example, Mexican migrants coming to America do not move in order to escape unemployment at home. Rather, it has been estimated that 80 percent of those who leave Mexico have jobs before they go. But, the wage gap between American and Mexican workers has widened since the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. U.S. wages are in fact an estimated 13 times that of Mexico. Thus, Mexican migrants come to America because they are attracted by the higher hourly wages, not simply to find any work at all.)

   →Labor Demand: Almost all developed countries have found that they need migrants' labor. Rich economies create millions of jobs that domestic workers refuse to fill but migrant workers will cross borders to take. In 2001, the British minister of foreign affairs, Robin Cook, gave a speech in which he argued that the country needed to continue taking in foreign workers to meet labor demand. He said, "Legitimate immigration is the necessary and unavoidable result of economic success, which generates a demand for labor faster than can be met by the birth-rate of a modern developed country." The speech was unpopular

3 → Political and Religious Freedom: Throughout history, Jews have faced persecution or discrimination in most parts of the world. Especially in the late 19th century, long-standing hatred against Jews in the Russian Empire exploded in "pogroms," attacks on Jews that led to murders, rapes, and arson against Jewish homes and stores, often encouraged and assisted by the government.

Other pull factors include superior medical care or education, family links or simply a personal fondness of a certain place, whether it may be linked to culture, language, weather conditions or other influencing factors,

Other facrors of migration:

Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market.

Education, Retirement,climate, personal reasons, based on a relationship, criminal justice(avoiding arrest),health problems and forced migration.

Migration in India (My country)

At all India level migrants account for 24.68% of the population. In case of rural population the share of migrants is 22.74% where as the corresponding share in urban population is 30.65%.. important reason of migration of households is ‘Study’ which accounts for 10.6% of the household migration to rural India and 24.6% of the household migration to urban India.

India held top two position in top ten migration corridors worldwide,

1.     1^st Bangladesh–India (3.5 million migrants in 2005)

2.     2^nd India–United Arab Emirates (2.2 million)

The main reason in external migration in india is HIGHER STUDY, In year 2006, of the 123,000 studying outside India, 76,000 have chosen USA as a country of their choice followed by UK. Canada and Australia are also another major countries in the world and is one of the safest countries for Indian students. The US receives more Indian students than any other country in the world overtaking China in year 2001.^[1]

A Non-Resident Indian (NRI)is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country, a person of Indian origin who is born outside India, or a person of Indian origin who resides permanently outside India.some time Indian people make meaning of NRI as Non Returning Indins as critics.

Since 2003, the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Non-resident India Day) sponsored by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, is being celebrated on January 9 each year in India, to "mark the contribution of Overseas Indian community in the development of India". The day commemorate the arrival of Mahatama Gandhi in India from South Africa, and during three-day convention held around the day, a forum for issues concerning the Indian Diaspora is held and the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are given away.

The UNDP estimates that India loses $2 billion a year because of the emigration of computer experts to the U.S.^[55] Indian students going abroad for their higher studies costs India a foreign exchange outflow of $10 billion annually.^[56] Although India faces large outflow of intellectuals, the government nearly takes no measures to curb this situation, because the Indian government believes that the outflow of intellectuals is not necessarily bad for India. These Indian overseas will benefit India one day eventually. On the other hand, the Indian government makes great efforts to prevent the outflow of capitals.^[57]

^{but on opposite side,}

India is one of the first countries where the phenomenon of reverse brain drain occurred. Previously, India was well known for being the country where numerous information technology students left for America for a better education and greater employment opportunities. The turning point was during the dot-com bubble(the dot-com bubble crisis, the economic and employment opportunities that existed back home; interested many Indian entrepreneurs to improve the economic development in the home country, which increased the number of returning intelligentsias to India.). During this period many information technology experts were forced to return back to India due to the slump and the loss of jobs in the United States.^[16]

Some world wide famous people from india:

       

1)  Amartya Sen - Nobel Prize for Economics

2)  Arun Sarin, Chief Executive Vodafone

3) V.S. Naipaul-nobel prize for literature

4) Ronald Ross-Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on  malariya

                                                           

5) Lakshmi Mittal- steel magnate.    

6)  Salman Rushdie- author(booker prize winner)

7)  The late CV Devan Nair- Singapore's third President (1981–1985)

8) Mahendra Chaudhry,-first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister

9) Vijay singh- leading golfer, former World No.1

10) Venkatraman Ramakrishnan-noel prize for chemistry in 2009.

These list show the BRAIN DRAIN of india….!!!!

INTERNAL migranation in india:

Main reason of internal migration in india is Employment , 56 percent of out-migrants from Uttar Pradesh have gone to Maharashtra, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. In the case of Bihar, nearly 50 percent out-migrants have moved to Jharkhand, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Out-migrants from these two states made up to 70 percent of total out-migrants (here, bihar jarakhand,uttar pradesh,west Bengal,madhyaparedesh are the name of various states of india)

A onther factor of internal migration india is higher education cause good colleges and university are mostly in developed parts of country and students are migrates to study in IIM and IIT from all over country.

From the flow matrix, Maharashtra emerges the most favored destination for migration. Half of the entire interstate migrants have moved to Maharashtra. Gujarat and Haryana (Gujarat and harayana are also state name of india) are the other preferred destinations with nearly 30 percent of the migrants moving to these states. The three states, thus, attracted 80 percent of all interstate migrants during the intercensal period 1991-2001.

The reason in this migration is: Gujarat hold major industry like IFFCO,TATA,RELINCE INDUSTRY,SUZLON,ONGC and A HUGE TEXTILE INDUSTRY so labour usually migrate in Gujarat and IIM-A attract students in Gujarat and in case of harayana and maharasra,these two state have good agriculture condition so labour migration is there.

AdvantagesVs. Risk

The economic effects of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the longer term.

Advantages:

The money the emigrants have sent back home has helped in alleviating poverty in their homes.

It has resulted in less child labor, greater child schooling, more hours worked in self employment and a higher rate of people starting capital intensive enterprises.

The money remittances have also reduced the level and severity of poverty.

Moreover, the money migrants sent back are spent more in investments such as education, health and housing, rather than on food and other goods.

→ Economical: migrants filling up these jobs lighten the load of producers and consumers, and results in gains in economic welfare. It is a fact that immigrants are a source of low cost labor, but these cost reductions are eventually passed on to the consumer, so host country citizens benefit from this as well. The goods produced through the efforts of immigrant workers can also generate additional profits as the goods can be sold at lower price.

→ Cultural: The world seems to be growing smaller by the day, with different cultures within reach today than ever before. Immigration increases product diversity, something that many people enjoy very much. Immigrants moving in means more ethnic restaurants to dine in, more cultural centers to enjoy, and easier access to products only available in other countries.

→ Positive Image: : A welcoming nation that allows for reasonable immigration and treats immigrants fairly will more likely be known for such virtues and respected throughout the world.

→ Remittance: A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country Money sent home by migrants constitutes the second largest financial inflow to many developing countries, exceeding international aid. Estimates of remittances to developing countries vary from International Fund for Agricultural Development's US$301 billion^[1] (including informal flows) to the World Bank's US$250 billion for 2006 (excluding informal flows)

A majority of the remittances from the US have been directed to Asian countries like India (approx. 26 billion USD), Philippines (approx. 20 billion USD) and China (approx. 23 billion USD).

Remittances to India account for approximately 3% of the country's GDP.^[2][3]

Risks/Disadvantages

developing countries can suffer from "brain drain"—the loss of trained and educated individuals to emigration, an example of the possible negative effects of emigration for developing countries.

→ Human trafficking, a form of migration, is an important international issue. During the 1990s criminal organizations from a variety of countries have created sophisticated networks to illegally funnel migrants to developed countries.

The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 2.45 million trafficking victims who are living in exploitive conditions and another 1.2 million people who are trafficked across and within borders.

In order to stop human trafficking In 2006, the United States government enacted a bill that authorized the building of a 700-mile fence between the US and Mexico

Effect of migration various country :

 Migration effect all country,wtever it may be developed country or developing country…some example are here….

→ In Zambia, emigration has reduced the number of practicing doctors from 1,600 a few years ago, to a mere 400 today

→  In Africa brain drain has cost nearly $9 billion in lost human capital and growth potential since 1997. According to the United Nations Population Fund, 2006 State of the World Population report, Africa only retains 1.3 percent of the world’s health care practitioners. Thus, despite having over a quarter of the world’s tuberculosis cases and 64 percent of the total numbers of people infected with HIV, Africa only has, on average, a mere one nurse per 1,000 people.

→ China: Estimates for China have already accounted for over 10 million internal migrants from rural China who have been put outof a job due to decreasing export demand.

→  Russia: In many countries, the volatile economy has already exacerbated domestic pressures for government restrictions on immigration. In Russia, for example, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin recently enacted a policy intending to reduce the level of foreign workers in the country, while at the same time encouraging a youth branch of his Unified Russia party to engage in a campaign to “reclaim jobs for Russians that are occupied by foreign migrant workers”.

→ In Australia, where violence against foreigners such as Indians has become a problem in recent years, the government has reduced its intake of migrants in order to mitigate the effects that the financial crisis is expected to have on ethnic relations in an increasingly competitive job market, Countries like Japan and Spain have tried an alternative approach to  lessening the political and financial burden of immigrants by offering them cash incentives to return home.

 →  In Somalia, for example, where remittances have provided a lifeline for at least a third of the population, the 25 percent downturn in the level of remittances in the wake of the financial crisis, are expected to have a devastating effect on this country already plagued by instability and drought.

 → In Britain, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, and Sweden, opposition to immigration has become a central issue in many elections. France's Jean-Marie Le Pen has been Europe's most outspoken anti-immigration politician, declaring that immigration will lead to the "submersion of our country, our people, our civilization." In the 2002 presidential elections, running on an anti-immigration platform, Le-Pen garnered sufficient votes to challenge President Chirac in the second and final round.

→  In 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy, son of a Hungarian immigrant, was elected new President by his French voters. In the words of Sarkozy: “Immigration will be among (our) priorities. […] In all the world's great democracies, immigration presents the possibility of bringing in new skills, new talents, new blood.”

→USA , after 9/11 ,USA competly change the migration policy and make some strict ristrictions on immigrations,they also develope a Student Exchange Visitor Information System, also known as

SEVIS, an Internet-based system that will make it easier for universities to monitor their foreign students more closely.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANATION :

1)International Organization for Migration (IOM): a recent activity of the IOM is the "return of qualified nationals" program in Afghanistan. During the years of internal conflict in Afghanistan, many of the country's most skilled workers fled to Europe or the United States. The IOM, therefore, is arranging to place college-educated professionals in private-sector and government jobs in Afghanistan.

2)International Labor Organization (ILO): It promotes fairness in hiring and adequate working conditions for migrants. Financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund study the economic effects of migration.

3)Likewise, Jagdish Bhagwait of Columbia University argues the world needs "adequate institutional mechanisms to deal with [migration], the way we do with health questions at the WHO, with labor questions at the ILO, with aid and finance at Bretton Woods institutions and with trade issues at the WTO." He believes the current institutions dealing with migration are fragmented and too focused on singular forms of migration such as refugees and labor migration.

The main objectives of the Youth in Migration and Development initiative are:

1→ To shed light on global migration trends among young people at national regional, and global levels;

2→To encourage, promote and facilitate youth participation in discussions on International Migration and Development;

 → To stimulate fresh views on broader issues of global migration;

4→To help returned migrants share their stories;

 → To mobilize young people in the Diaspora to contribute in the development;

6→To celebrate the role of young migrants in the development ;

 → To provide young people with information on legal options of migration.