Indian nuclear programme & International treaties

Limited Ban treaty :-

In 1963 , US, UK , USSSR signed treaty that prohibit the nuclear experiment in Above ground, under water and Outer space. It allow Nuclear experiment only in Under ground. India also signed it and ratified .

Outer space treaty :-

In 1967 , US , UK and USSR signed another treaty which prohibit countries to put nuclear Mass destructive  material in orbit , On moon or any other place in space.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT ) :-

In 1965 , India with some NAM country put Five point proposal for prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to UN Disarmament commission.

Indian Five principals :-

1.) Not to transfer Nuclear technology to others
2.) No use of nuclear weapons against non nuclear country
3.) UN security to non nuclear state
4.) Nuclear disarmament and complete Freez on new nuclear production
5.) Ban on the nuclear test which prohibit Non nuclear country to produce Weapons ( In 1964 china carried first nuclear test ) 

In 1968 , US , UK , USSR and other 59 countries Signed NPT  .

Features of NPT :-

1.) obligated the five acknowledged nuclear-weapon states (the United States, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, France, and China) not to transfer nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive devices, or their technology to any non-nuclear weapon state.

2.) Non-nuclear-weapon States Parties undertake not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices.

The NPT is the most widely accepted arms control agreement; only Israel, India, and Pakistan have never been signatories of the Treaty, and North Korea withdrew from the Treaty in 2003.

India was one of the proposer of NPT though do not signed treaty , Here are the reasons :-

1.)Indian officials felt that the treaty was discriminatory, dividing the world into those possessing nuclear weapons and those that do not .

2.) Treaty Create hurdle for the Indian Civilian nuclear programme for Peace purpose.

3.) It do not said about the security of Non nuclear weapons state.

4.) No provision for the disbarment of Nuclear weapon state. 

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) :-

It Came in force from the efforts of 40 years , Fist time  matter raised by Jawarlal naheru in 1953 after the US Nuclear testing .'

Features :-

1.)Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.

2.)Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.

Of these 44 states ( Which have nuclear capabilities ) , three - India, Pakistan, and North Korea - have not signed the Treaty. A further six states - China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, and the United States - have signed but not ratified the Treaty.

Reasons that India do not signed it :-

1.) It do not say about the the Disarmament of the stocks of Arsenal by Weapon state . 

2.) Do not say about the ban on the laboratory testing . Developed countries like US developed technology for laboratory testing and ban on field test only affect developing country nuclear programme and Developed state can carried out through laboratory testing.

3.) After the negotiation , India ready to sign it on one term that  if the United States presented a schedule for eliminating its nuclear stockpile, a condition the United States rejected

Reasons for that India Decided to create Nuclear weapons :-

1.)China, which had fought a brief but successful border war with India in 1962, had joined the other declared Nuclear Weapon States (the United States, United Kingdom, France and Soviet Union). In addition to France, China had refused to sign the NPT and for that matter the Partial Test-Ban Treaty. 

2.) Then in 1971, the Indo-Pakistani war and the subsequent liberation of Bangladesh occurred. For the first time since independence, Indian policy was subjected to military pressure by a Nuclear Weapon State when the USS Enterprise entered the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to force a cease-fire on India, which clearly had the advantage over Pakistan, an ally of the United States. 

3.) The fact that between 1946 and 1977 there were as many as 37 incidents involving the threat of use of nuclear forces against mainly non-nuclear countries demonstrated clearly to India the power that could be used explicitly to coerce a weaker country. In addition, India realized the pervasive threat implicit in the very existence and deployment of nuclear weapons. 

Pokharan 1 – Smiling Buddha :-

 India conducted its first nuclear detonation in 1974 at pokharan , It shown the Indian capabilities to produce nuclear weapons.

London club – Formation of NSG :-

The NSG was created following the explosion in 1974 of a nuclear device by a non-nuclear-weapon State, which demonstrated that nuclear technology transferred for peaceful purposes could be misused.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), to control exports of nuclear materials, equipment and technology.

 India was left outside the international nuclear order, which forced India to develop its own resources for each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle and power generation, including next generation reactors such as fast breeder reactors and a thorium breeder reactors.

FMCT :- A Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty

It would strengthen nuclear non-proliferation norms by adding a binding international commitment to existing constraints on nuclear weapons-usable fissile material. 

The proposed treaty would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. 

It would not apply to plutonium and HEU for non-explosive purposes. It would also not apply to non-fissile materials, like tritium, and it would not address existing stockpiles