Swadeshi movement

Reason :- Partition on Bengal ( on religion base )

Start of Boycott :-

In starting , after partition of Bengal , People do meetings, sign petitions etc , but all this failed to give result

All this was impressive, making the educated middle class's case against the partition loud and clear.

The evident failure of these methods, therefore, led to a search for new  techniques from the middle of 1905 and resulted in the discovery of the boycott of British  goods as an effective weapon.

The boycott suggestion first came from Krishnakumar Mitra's Sanjivani on 3 July, 1905, and was later accepted by the prominent publicmen at the Town Hall meeting of 7 August, 1905. T

he discovery was followed by the calls of Rabindranath Tagore and Ramendra Sunder Trivedi, respectively,

for the observance of rakshu-bandhun (the tying of thread wristlets on each other's hands as a symbol of brotherhood) and arandhan (the keeping of the hearth unlit at all the homes as a sign of mourning) on the day the partition was put into effect.

The boycott of British products was followed by :-

1) the advocacy of swadeshi or exhorting purchasers to buy indigenously produced goods as a patriotic duty,

2.) Charkha (the spinning wheel) came to typify the popular concern for the country's economic self-sufficiency,

3.) the holding of swadeshi melas or fairs for selling handicrafts and other articles became a regular feature.

4.) Numbers of swadeshi compnies born during this time , this swadesi movement , which inspired jamshedaji tata to build a steel factory

5.) the picketing before the shops selling British goods

6.) a boycott of the officially controlled educational institutions

7.) Establishment of swadeshi colleges like Bengal Technical Institute ( later College of Engineering and Technology, Jadavpur- and Bengal National College and School

8.) Bepinchandra Pal discribed such escalation as "passive resistance" or refusal "to render any voluntary or honorary service to the Government".

9.)  Aurobindo Ghosh improved upon the strategy further  in a series of articles in Bande Mataram in April 1907, and came out with the theory of "organised and relentless boycott*' of British goods, British system of education, judiciary and executive, and the social boycott of the loyalists and civil disobedience of unjust laws

Mass movement movement :-

247 clerks of Bum Company in Howrah who struck work in September 1905 in protest against a derogatory new work regulation.

This was followed by strikes in the tramways in Calcutta, in the jute mills and railway workshops. Coolies, carters and sweepers also took recourse to strikes in Calcutta to voice their economic demands.

Such greater politicisation was noticed among the more militant printing press, jute mill and railway workers.

A bitter strike in the Government owned presses resulted in the formation of the first real labour union, namely the Printers' Union in  October 1905 

Rise of revolutionary activity OR Dominance of extremists :-

background :-

A large-scale participation of the masses in the struggle for Swaraj-the essential precondition of a successful passive resistance-was not, however, realized. With little success among the workers, total failure in respect of the cultivators and sad mismanagement of the communal tangle, the Swadeshi movement was unable by a second half of 1907 to rise to its full potential, or assume the character of a mass upheaval.

The authorities prohibited the shouting of the slogan "Bande Mataram"

in public places,

disqualified from the Government employment all those who took part in the agitation in any form and expelled and fined student participants of the movement.

Bands of Gurkha soldiers were sent to Barisal and other places to teach the agitators a lesson, and the police and the officials were given a free hand to heap indignities and launch physical assaults to them.

The climax was reach in April 1906 when the delegates attending the provincial conference at Barisal were lathi-charged by the police.

A violent method also appealed toyothh romantic recklessness of the middle class youth of Bengal

Revolutionary acivity :-

1.) militant  proceedings were spearheaded by the Yugantar group im Calcutta and the Anushilan Samiti in Dacca.

2.) Prafulla Chaki died and Khudiram Bose, a boy of 18, were hanged for their attempt on the life of a notorious British Magistrate Kingford who escaped unhurt. It also led in April 1908 to the discovery of a secret bomb manufacturing factory in the Manicktala area of Calcutta,

Achivements :-

1.) The movement largely broadened the base of the idea of nationalism and thus eroded the hegemony of colonial ideas and institutions.

2.) The movement evolved several new methods and techniques of mass mobilizations and actions (such as passive resistance, non-violent, non-cooperation, the call to fill the British jails, social reforms etc.)

3.) A number of Indian enterprises-industrial ventures as well as financial activities like ‘Swadeshi’ banks, insurance companies etc., took off the ground.

4.)  A number of National Schools were established to impart education following a parallel education system.

5.)The Swadeshi Movement was only the first round in the popular struggle against colonialism.

Reason behind the failure of swadeshi movement :-
 
1.) It unable to garner the support of mass muslim , specially muslim pleasantry , british communal police make devide in hindu and muslim  , it is the time when all india muslim league formed with the support of british  government

2.) Internal fights, in 1907 there was a split in apex organization , congress in two parts , moderates and extremists , It will lead the 6 year jail to tilak and bipin Chandra pal and aurbindo gosh retired form active polics


3.)  Ineffective management , swadeshi movement practiced all the technieqes which were use by gandhiji’s later like boycollt  , social reforms , fill the jail etc  but due to absence of centralised management it can not implemented perfectly which was later excecute by gandhiji